[14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . Brick-throwing mobs. Rioters ransacked and looted about 7,500 Jewish businesses, killed at least 91 Jews, and vandalized Jewish hospitals, homes, schools, and cemeteries. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments and looted their wares. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. The "night of broken glass" was a Nazi pogrom that foreshadowed the Holocaust. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. 13 terms. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. One such administrator was Breckinridge Long, who was responsible for carrying out policies relating to immigration. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. Eugene Davidson. It's So Useless 9. Most did obtain release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . Schutzstaffel also kown as black shirts. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Lucas, Eric. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath. Berlin: Argon. W ha t wa s Kri s t a l l na c ht ? Night of Broken Glass 2. But that was a mere pretext, and a lie; the government-organized pogrom had been carefully planned well in advance. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. Ninety-one Jews were killed and 30,000 Jewish men were taken away. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. [72] Nevertheless, individuals continued to show courage, for example, a parson paid the medical bills of a Jewish cancer patient and was sentenced to a large fine and several months in prison in 1941, Reformed Church pastor Paul Schneider placed a Nazi sympathizer under church discipline and he was subsequently sent to Buchenwald where he was murdered. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Sweep the area as clean as possible after the larger broken pieces are picked up. First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. He went on to explain: "The German people are anti-Semitic. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. It was 2 a.m., but the sky was already bright. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. It was premiered at the 1988 Berlin Jazz Festival and received rave reviews. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Get started for FREE Continue. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." Kristallnacht was the result of that rage. Updates? ", Jantzen, Kyle, and Jonathan Durance. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Click the card to flip . Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. [20] Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. The translation of _____ means to let (people) do (what they want)., A. laissez-faire Night of the broken glass. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. [77] They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. (a) retreat, (b) urge, (c) spur, (d) goad. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Standard 7 Vocabulary. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . According to Volker Ullrich, "a line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. Omissions? The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the migrs left behind. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. Define genocide. [citation needed], The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? Hear the fear in this night. For the albums, see, "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as. On November 910, 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms against the Jewish population in Germany and recently incorporated territories. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. KRISTALLNACHT: THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS 1. Identify the original Greek. I do not hear your heartbeat. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. View the list of all donors. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. Glass in my thoughts. The rioters destroyed hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Torched synagogues. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. November 9th 1938. 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