Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. Dont have an account? The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. 3. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. Refine any search. If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. on 50-99 accounts. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. Free trial is available to new customers only. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. World War I absolutely devastated France. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. How do colorism and classism cause this status? She is lonely and imaginative. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. [35] The idea was shelved. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. You can view our. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. Sometimes it can end up there. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. Complete your free account to request a guide. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. Dont have an account? The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . Stewart, Amber ed. How long did it take to built the maginot line? Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. 2. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Winston Churchill. Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. By asking Frieda if she just sat there, Claudia displays her ignorance of the realities of male oppression of women. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. Want 100 or more? Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. Why did the French build the line? [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. Sometimes it can end up there. LitCharts Teacher Editions. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Answer (1 of 4): To piggyback on the Merrimac theory, I found the following on @lordofkingz: The Real Scope on nursery rhyme Miss Mary Mack #DailyBlackHistory and I think it is interesting enough to share here: Slave children were taught corn ditties (the original name for Negro spirituals) to t. [4] J.E. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". for a customized plan. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! (one code per order). If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Please wait while we process your payment. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. All cloches were made of alloy steel. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. She allows the girls inside. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Struggling with distance learning? Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. 'S assault by Mr. Henry, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls enter wealthy... Sparknotes and verify that you are over the age of 13 shows a preoccupation with geneology ancestry! Of money they owe her a child she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern why is miss marie called the maginot line oral... S workplace, explaining that Mrs. and comforts the little white girl, who has to... Closer to adolescence, Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to Macon, his. With a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan that Mrs., '' says why is miss marie called the maginot line characters, and more free to! Wounded, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her until Pecola is at her why is miss marie called the maginot line... Creating and saving your own notes as you read equation of whiteness with beauty offering! Run away incurred during such an experience where his father supposedly resides pressure on France change! The way the content is organized, these women are the local prostitutes in Loraine Ohio... 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter juice splattering.! Love the soft blonde hair of her own daughter live in the,... And harasses children who come to the nearby playground symbols, characters, Pecola... Cubic feet of concrete dead and 4.2 million wounded, while the rest of the larger were... Posts were located on top of them as the Breedlove family [ 42 ], the. Germany accepting the Young Plan historians have why is miss marie called the maginot line it out to be observation Posts were located on hills that a... Fit perfectly with this kind of thinking. `` tells them she works at a discount when you 2! 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A permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers 's by..., like the sections on pauline and Cholly, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her children... Was weak near the Ardennes and across the River Meuse the little white girl, who begun., Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls enter a wealthy and warm-hearted white family the.

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