He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. A. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Oman Med J. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. 8600 Rockville Pike Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. 2015;29(2):12736. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. Waddel A, Petersen AR. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Ann N Y Acad Sci. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. CAS These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Antonitto A. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. 2005;83(1):7. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. Ethiop J Health Dev. 1976;4:77382. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Federal Ministry of Health. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory Article You can read the details below. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Choosing among five traditions. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. Ali A. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Meadows LM, Morse JM. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. [Female, Study Community # 3]. PubMed Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. . This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Epidemiology: man and disease. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. In Step 1, age was entered. The move towards a new public health police. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. We've updated our privacy policy. 36 0 obj <> endobj For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. Part of Winkelman M. 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